Yiziphi izigaba ezineamabhawodi ensimbi engagqwali?
1. I-Teflon
Igama lokuhweba le-PTFE lithi “Teflon”, i-PTFE elula noma i-F4, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi inkosi yamapulasitiki. Ingenye yezinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala emhlabeni namuhla. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza amapayipi egesi ewuketshezi, izishintshisi zokushisa nokunye ukuxhumana kwemishini yokuqukethwe. Impahla yokuvala ekahle.
I-Tetrafluoroethylene ingenye yezinto ezihamba phambili zokumelana nokugqwala emhlabeni namuhla, ngakho-ke inedumela elithi "Plastic King". Ingasetshenziswa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamakhemikhali isikhathi eside, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwayo kuxazulule izinkinga eziningi kumakhemikhali ezwe lami, i-petroleum, imithi kanye neminye imikhakha. Izigxivizo ze-Teflon, ama-gaskets, ama-gaskets. Izigxivizo ze-Polytetrafluoroethylene, ama-gaskets, nama-gaskets wokuvala zenziwe nge-polymerized polytetrafluoroethylene resin. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amapulasitiki, i-PTFE inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokumelana namakhemikhali nokumelana nokushisa. Isetshenziswe kabanzi njengento yokuvala kanye nezinto zokugcwalisa.
Kuyinhlanganisela ye-polymer eyakhiwe yi-polymerization ye-tetrafluoroethylene. Inokuqina okuhle kakhulu kwamakhemikhali, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukungangeni komoya, ukugcoba okuphezulu, ukunganamatheli, ukufakwa kukagesi nokumelana kahle nokuguga. Ingasebenza isikhathi eside ekushiseni kuka +250℃kuze -180℃. Ngaphandle kwe-sodium encibilikisiwe yensimbi ne-fluorine ewuketshezi, ingamelana nawo wonke amanye amakhemikhali. Ngeke ishintshe uma ibilisiwe ku-aqua regia.
Njengamanje, zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ye-PTFE zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile emnothweni kazwelonke njengemboni yamakhemikhali, imishini, izinto zikagesi, izinto zikagesi, imboni yezempi, i-aerospace, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo namabhuloho. insimbi engagqwali isikulufu
2. I-carbon fiber
I-Carbon fiber iyi-fibrous carbon material ene-carbon content engaphezu kuka-90%. I-C/C eyinhlanganisela yezinto ezakhiwe ngayo kanye ne-resin ingenye yezinto ezimelana nokugqwala.
I-Carbon fiber iwuhlobo olusha lwefayibha yamandla aphezulu, ephezulu-modulus enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaphezu kwama-95%. Kuyi-microcrystalline graphite material etholwe ngokunqwabelanisa i-flake graphite microcrystals neminye imicu ephilayo eduze kwe-fiber axial direction, kanye nokwelashwa kwe-carbonization kanye ne-graphitization. I-Carbon fiber "iyaguquguquka ngaphandle futhi iqinile ngaphakathi". Ikhwalithi yayo ilula kune-aluminium yensimbi, kodwa amandla ayo aphezulu kunawensimbi. Iphinde ibe nezici zokumelana nokugqwala kanye ne-modulus ephezulu. Kuyinto ebalulekile ekuvikelweni kwezwe, kwezempi kanye nezicelo zomphakathi. Ayigcini nje ngokuba nezici zemvelo zezinto ze-carbon, kodwa futhi ine-processability ethambile ye-textile fibers. Kuyisizukulwane esisha semicu eqinisayo.
I-Carbon fiber inezakhiwo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu. I-Carbon fiber inamandla aphezulu e-axial kanye ne-modulus, ukuminyana okuphansi, ukusebenza okuqondile okuphezulu, akukho kukhahlaza, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu endaweni engafaki i-oxidizing, ukumelana kahle nokukhathala, nokushisa kwayo okukhethekile kanye nokuhamba kukagesi kuphakathi kokungeyona insimbi nokungeyona metallic. Phakathi kwezinsimbi, i-coefficient yokwanda okushisayo incane futhi i-anisotropic, ukumelana nokugqwala kuhle, futhi ukudluliswa kwe-X-ray kuhle. Ukusebenza kahle kukagesi nokushisayo, ukuvikela okuhle kwe-electromagnetic, njll.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nefayibha yengilazi evamile, i-modulus ye-Young ye-carbon fiber ingaphezu kwezikhathi ezi-3; uma kuqhathaniswa nefayibha ye-Kevlar, i-modulus ye-Young cishe izikhathi ezi-2, futhi ayivuvukali noma ivuvukele kuzinyibilikisi zemvelo, ama-asidi, nama-alkali. Ukumelana nokugqwala okuvelele.
3. i-copper oxide
I-Copper oxide njengamanje iyinto ekwazi ukumelana nokugqwala. ISweden ibilokhu ihamba phambili emhlabeni wonke emkhakheni wokulahlwa kwemfucuza yenuzi. Manje izwe's ochwepheshe basebenzisa isitsha esisha esenziwe nge-copper oxide ukugcina imfucuza yenuzi, engaqinisekisa ukugcinwa okuphephile iminyaka eyi-100,000.
I-Copper oxide iyi-oxide emnyama yethusi, i-amphiphilic kancane futhi i-hygroscopic kancane. Isisindo samangqamuzana esihlobene singu-79.545, ukuminyana kungu-6.3~6.9 g/cm3, futhi indawo yokuncibilika ingu-1326.℃. Ayincibiliki emanzini ne-ethanol, incibilika ku-asidi, i-ammonium chloride nesisombululo se-potassium cyanide. Incibilika kancane kusixazululo se-ammonia futhi ingasabela nge-alkali enamandla. I-Copper oxide isetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza i-rayon, i-ceramics, glazes nama-enamel, amabhethri, i-petroleum desulfurizers, izibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen, ama-catalysts, nengilazi eluhlaza.
4. iplatinum
I-Platinum izinzile kumakhemikhali futhi ayihlangani ne-hydrochloric acid, i-nitric acid, i-sulfuric acid nama-asidi e-organic ekamelweni lokushisa. Ibizwa ngokuthi "insimbi engagqwali kakhulu", kodwa iyancibilika ku-aqua regia. I-Titanium kulula ukwenza ifilimu evikelayo ezinzile ye-titanium oxide, ngakho-ke ishubhu lokupholisa le-titanium libhekwa njengelingenakho ukugqwala nokuguguleka.
IPlatinum iyinsimbi eyigugu eyenzeka ngokwemvelo. IPlatinum yakhanyisa ukukhanya okukhazimulayo emlandweni wempucuko yabantu kusukela ngo-700 BC. Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2,000 abantu besebenzisa iplatinamu, ibilokhu ithathwa njengenye yezinsimbi eziyigugu kakhulu.
Imvelo ye-platinum izinzile kakhulu, ngeke yonakale noma iphele ngenxa yokugqoka kwansuku zonke, futhi ukukhanya kwayo kuhlale kufana. Ngisho noma ihlangana nezinto ezivamile ezine-asidi ekuphileni, njengesulfure eziphethwini ezishisayo, i-bleach, i-chlorine emachibini okubhukuda, noma umjuluko, ngeke ithinteke, ngakho-ke ungakwazi ukugqoka ubucwebe be-platinum ngokuzethemba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi igqokwa isikhathi eside kangakanani, iplatinamu ingahlala igcina ukucwebezela kwayo kwemvelo okumsulwa futhi ayisoze yabuna.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-24-2021