Ni ibihe byiciro bine byaibyuma bitagira umuyonga?
1. Teflon
Izina ry'ubucuruzi rya PTFE ni “Teflon”, byoroshye PTFE cyangwa F4, bakunze kwita umwami wa plastiki. Ni kimwe mu bikoresho birwanya ruswa ku isi muri iki gihe. Ikoreshwa mugukora imiyoboro ya gaze ya gazi, guhanahana ubushyuhe nibindi bikoresho bihuza. Ibikoresho byiza byo gufunga.
Tetrafluoroethylene ni kimwe mu bikoresho byiza byo kurwanya ruswa ku isi muri iki gihe, bityo ikaba ifite izina rya “King Plastic King”. Irashobora gukoreshwa muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwimiti mugihe kirekire, kandi umusaruro wacyo wakemuye ibibazo byinshi mubihugu byimiti, peteroli, imiti nizindi nzego. Ikirango cya Teflon, gaseke, gaseke. Ikidodo cya Polytetrafluoroethylene, gasketi, hamwe na gasike zifunga bikozwe muburyo bwo guhagarika polymerized polytetrafluoroethylene resin. Ugereranije n’ibindi bikoresho bya plastiki, PTFE ifite ibiranga imiti irwanya imiti kandi irwanya ubushyuhe. Yakoreshejwe cyane nkibikoresho byo gufunga no kuzuza ibikoresho.
Nibikoresho bya polymer byakozwe na polymerisation ya tetrafluoroethylene. Ifite imiti ihamye, irwanya ruswa, irwanya umuyaga, amavuta menshi, kudafatana, gukingira amashanyarazi no kurwanya gusaza. Irashobora gukora igihe kirekire ku bushyuhe bwa +250℃kugeza -180℃. Usibye icyuma gishongeshejwe sodium na fluor fluor, irashobora kwihanganira indi miti yose. Ntabwo bizahinduka mugihe bitetse muri aqua regia.
Kugeza ubu, ubwoko bwose bwibicuruzwa bya PTFE bwagize uruhare runini mubukungu bwigihugu nkinganda zimiti, imashini, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, inganda za gisirikare, ikirere, kurengera ibidukikije nikiraro. icyuma
2. Fibre fibre
Caribre fibre ni fibrous karubone irimo karubone irenga 90%. Ibikoresho bya C / C bigizwe na resin ni kimwe mu bikoresho birwanya ruswa.
Fibre fibre ni ubwoko bushya bwimbaraga nyinshi, fibre-modulus nyinshi hamwe na karubone irenga 95%. Nibikoresho bya microcrystalline byabonetse mugukusanya flake grafite microcrystal hamwe nizindi fibre ngengabihe ku cyerekezo cya fibre axial, no gukorerwa karuboni no kuvura. Fibre ya karubone “ihindagurika hanze kandi irakomeye imbere”. Ubwiza bwabwo bworoshye kuruta ubw'icyuma cya aluminium, ariko imbaraga zacyo ziruta iz'ibyuma. Ifite kandi ibiranga kurwanya ruswa hamwe na modulus yo hejuru. Nibikoresho byingenzi mukwirwanaho kwigihugu, mubisirikare nabasivili. Ntabwo ifite gusa ibiranga ibikoresho bya karubone, ahubwo ifite uburyo bworoshye bwo gutunganya imyenda. Nibisekuru bishya byo gushimangira fibre.
Fibre fibre ifite ibintu byinshi byiza cyane. Fibre ya karubone ifite imbaraga za axial nyinshi na modulus, ubwinshi buke, imikorere yihariye, nta kunyerera, kurwanya ubushyuhe bukabije cyane mubidukikije bidafite okiside, kurwanya umunaniro mwiza, hamwe nubushyuhe bwihariye hamwe nubushakashatsi bwamashanyarazi biri hagati yicyuma na non- icyuma. Mu byuma, coefficient yo kwagura ubushyuhe ni nto na anisotropique, kurwanya ruswa ni byiza, kandi kwanduza X-ni byiza. Amashanyarazi meza nubushyuhe bwiza, gukingira amashanyarazi meza, nibindi.
Ugereranije na fibre gakondo y'ibirahure, Modulus ya Young ya fibre karubone inshuro zirenga 3; ugereranije na fibre ya Kevlar, Modulus ya Young ni inshuro zigera kuri 2, kandi ntabwo yabyimba cyangwa ikabyimba mumashanyarazi kama, acide, na alkalis. Kurwanya ruswa idasanzwe.
3. Okiside y'umuringa
Okiside y'umuringa kuri ubu ni ibintu birwanya ruswa. Suwede yamye ari umuyobozi wisi kwisi murwego rwo guta imyanda ya kirimbuzi. Ubu igihugu's abatekinisiye bakoresha ibikoresho bishya bikozwe mu muringa wo kubika imyanda ya kirimbuzi, ishobora kwemeza kubika neza imyaka 100.000.
Okiside y'umuringa ni oxyde y'umukara y'umuringa, amphifilike nkeya na hygroscopique. Umubare wa molekile ugereranije ni 79.545, ubucucike ni 6.3 ~ 6.9 g / cm3, naho gushonga ni 1326℃. Ntishobora gushonga mumazi na Ethanol, gushonga muri aside, chloride amonium na potasiyumu cyanide. Irashonga buhoro mumuti wa ammonia kandi irashobora kwitwara hamwe na alkali ikomeye. Okiside y'umuringa ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora rayon, ceramics, glazes na emam, bateri, peteroli desulfurizeri, imiti yica udukoko, ndetse no kubyara hydrogène, catalizator, nikirahuri kibisi.
4. platine
Platinum ihagaze neza kandi ntishobora gukorana na aside hydrochloric, aside nitric, aside sulfurike na acide organic mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Yitwa "ibyuma birwanya ruswa cyane", ariko irashonga muri aqua regia. Titanium iroroshye gukora firime ihamye irinda okiside ya titanium, bityo umuyoboro ukonjesha wa titanium ufatwa nkutarangwamo ruswa.
Platinum ni icyuma gisanzwe kiboneka cyera. Platinum yamuritse urumuri rutangaje mumateka yubumuntu bwabantu nko muri 700 mbere ya Yesu. Mu myaka irenga 2000 abantu bakoresha platine, yamye ifatwa nkimwe mubyuma byagaciro.
Imiterere ya platine irahagaze neza, ntabwo izangirika cyangwa ngo ishire kubera kwambara buri munsi, kandi ububengerane bwayo burigihe. Nubwo ihuye nibintu bisanzwe bya acide mubuzima, nka sulfure mumasoko ashyushye, byakuya, chlorine mubidendezi byo koga, cyangwa ibyuya, ntabwo bizagira ingaruka, kuburyo ushobora kwambara imitako ya platine ufite ikizere igihe icyo aricyo cyose. Nubwo yambara igihe kingana iki, platine irashobora guhora igumana ubwiza bwayo bwera kandi ntizigera ishira.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-24-2021