Magulu anayi ndi atizitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri?
1. Teflon
Dzina lamalonda la PTFE ndi "Teflon", PTFE yosavuta kapena F4, yomwe imadziwika kuti mfumu yamapulasitiki.Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zolimbana ndi dzimbiri padziko lapansi masiku ano.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi a gasi amadzimadzi, osinthanitsa kutentha ndi zida zina zolumikizira zida.Zida zosindikizira zabwino.
Tetrafluoroethylene ndi imodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri zolimbana ndi dzimbiri padziko lapansi masiku ano, motero ili ndi mbiri ya "Pulasitiki King".Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumtundu uliwonse wa mankhwala kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo kupanga kwake kwathetsa mavuto ambiri m'dziko langa la mankhwala, mafuta a petroleum, mankhwala ndi zina.Zisindikizo za Teflon, gaskets, gaskets.Zisindikizo za Polytetrafluoroethylene, ma gaskets, ndi ma gaskets osindikizira amapangidwa ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa polymerized polytetrafluoroethylene resin.Poyerekeza ndi mapulasitiki ena, PTFE ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri mankhwala kukana ndi kutentha kukana.Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chinthu chosindikizira komanso chodzaza.
Ndi polima pawiri wopangidwa ndi polymerization wa tetrafluoroethylene.Ili ndi kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwamankhwala, kukana dzimbiri, kusatulutsa mpweya, kuthira mafuta ambiri, kusamata, kutsekereza magetsi komanso kukana kukalamba.Itha kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kutentha kwa +250℃mpaka 180℃.Kupatula zitsulo zosungunuka za sodium ndi fluorine zamadzimadzi, zimatha kupirira mankhwala ena onse.Sichidzasintha pamene yophika mu aqua regia.
Pakalipano, mitundu yonse ya zinthu za PTFE zakhala zikugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazachuma cha dziko monga makampani opanga mankhwala, makina, zamagetsi, zipangizo zamagetsi, makampani ankhondo, zakuthambo, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi milatho.zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri wononga
2. Mpweya wa carbon
Mpweya wa kaboni ndi zinthu za carbon fiber zomwe zimakhala ndi mpweya wopitilira 90%.Zida zophatikizika za C / C zopangidwa ndi izo ndi utomoni ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zosagwira dzimbiri.
Mpweya wa carbon ndi mtundu watsopano wamphamvu kwambiri, wapamwamba-modulus fiber wokhala ndi mpweya woposa 95%.Ndi chinthu cha microcrystalline graphite chomwe chimapezedwa ndikuwunjikira ma flake graphite microcrystals ndi ulusi wina wa organic motsatira njira ya fiber axial, ndikulandira chithandizo cha carbonization ndi graphitization.Mpweya wa carbon ndi "wosinthasintha kunja ndi wokhazikika mkati".Ubwino wake ndi wopepuka kuposa wa aluminiyamu yachitsulo, koma mphamvu yake ndi yapamwamba kuposa yachitsulo.Ilinso ndi mawonekedwe a corrosion resistance ndi high modulus.Ndizinthu zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha dziko, ntchito zankhondo ndi anthu wamba.Sizingokhala ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe a zida za kaboni, komanso zimakhala zofewa za ulusi wa nsalu.Ndi mbadwo watsopano wa ulusi wolimbitsa.
Mpweya wa carbon uli ndi zinthu zambiri zabwino kwambiri.Mpweya wa kaboni uli ndi mphamvu zambiri za axial ndi modulus, kachulukidwe kakang'ono, magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kwambiri, osakwera, kukana kutentha kwambiri m'malo osakhala oxidizing, kukana kutopa kwabwino, komanso kutentha kwake komwe kumayenderana ndi magetsi kuli pakati pa zomwe sizili zitsulo komanso zopanda zitsulo. zachitsulo.Pakati pa zitsulo, coefficient ya kukula matenthedwe ndi yaing'ono ndi anisotropic, kukana dzimbiri ndi zabwino, ndi X-ray kufala kwabwino.Zabwino zamagetsi ndi matenthedwe ma conductivity, chitetezo chabwino chamagetsi, etc.
Poyerekeza ndi ulusi wagalasi wamba, modulus wa Young wa carbon fiber ndi wopitilira katatu;Poyerekeza ndi Kevlar fiber, the Young's modulus imakhala pafupifupi ka 2, ndipo simatupa kapena kutupa m'ma organic solvents, acid, ndi alkalis.Kukaniza kwambiri kwa dzimbiri.
3. okusayidi yamkuwa
Copper oxide ndiyo yomwe imalimbana ndi dzimbiri.Sweden nthawi zonse yakhala mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi pantchito yotaya zinyalala za nyukiliya.Tsopano dziko'Akatswiri akugwiritsa ntchito chidebe chatsopano chopangidwa ndi copper oxide kuti asunge zinyalala za nyukiliya, zomwe zingatsimikizire kusungidwa kotetezeka kwa zaka 100,000.
Copper oxide ndi okusayidi wakuda wamkuwa, amphiphilic pang'ono komanso hygroscopic pang'ono.Mamolekyu achibale ndi 79.545, kachulukidwe ndi 6.3 ~ 6.9 g/cm3, ndipo malo osungunuka ndi 1326.℃.Sisungunuka m'madzi ndi ethanol, sungunuka mu asidi, ammonium chloride ndi potaziyamu cyanide solution.Amasungunuka pang'onopang'ono mu njira ya ammonia ndipo amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi alkali wamphamvu.Copper oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga rayon, ceramics, glazes ndi enamels, mabatire, petroleum desulfurizers, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kupanga haidrojeni, chothandizira, ndi magalasi obiriwira.
4. pulatinamu
Platinamu imakhala yokhazikika pamakina ndipo simalumikizana ndi hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid ndi organic acid pa kutentha kozizira.Imatchedwa "chitsulo chosamva dzimbiri", koma imasungunuka mu aqua regia.Titaniyamu ndiyosavuta kupanga filimu yoteteza ya titaniyamu oxide, kotero kuti chubu chozizira cha titaniyamu chimaonedwa kuti ndi chopanda dzimbiri komanso kukokoloka.
Platinamu ndi chitsulo choyera chamtengo wapatali chomwe chimachitika mwachilengedwe.Platinamu idawala kwambiri m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha anthu kuyambira 700 BC.Pazaka zopitilira 2,000 zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito platinamu, idakhala ikuwonedwa ngati imodzi mwazitsulo zamtengo wapatali kwambiri.
Chikhalidwe cha platinamu chimakhala chokhazikika, sichidzawonongeka kapena kutha chifukwa cha kuvala kwa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo kuwala kwake kumakhala kofanana.Ngakhale zitakhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi acidic m'moyo, monga sulfure m'masupe otentha, bleach, chlorine m'madziwe osambira, kapena thukuta, sizingakhudzidwe, kotero mutha kuvala zodzikongoletsera za platinamu molimba mtima nthawi iliyonse.Ngakhale itavala nthawi yayitali bwanji, platinamu imatha kukhalabe ndi kuwala kwake koyera koyera ndipo sikutha.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-24-2021